imperialism: links to 19th & 20th century imperialism   

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  Henry Morton Stanley of the Congo  imperialism: links to 19th & 20th century imperialism casahistoria - web site for students of modern history!






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Browse down the page or just click one of these sections...
 
1. Imperialism: theory & practice
2.  British Imperialism (separate page)
3. Continental European Imperialism
Belgium     Denmark     France    Germany  
Netherlands    Portugal & Spain
Emigration (link to casahistoria emigration pages)
4. The European experience in Africa
5. Gunboat Diplomacy
6. US Imperialism
7. Japan, China, Indochina
8.  Decolonisation (separate page)
9.  The native experience (separate page)
10.The anti colonialists (separate page)
 
 
  other related casahistoria sites
  
Imperialism · British Imperialism · 
Native experience & the anti-colonialists · 
Decolonisation  · 
European Emigration · Case Study: USA ·
Case Study: Argentina ·  Case Study: Australia ·
 
Catholic Missions in Latin America ·
US & Latin America ·
Cuba · Malvinas/Falklands ·
Indo China · Vietnam War · China & the West ·
Ireland · Iraq & the West ·
 

Site Map - Imperialism microsite

 
 

 

 

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1. Imperialism: theory and practice                                                                                go to top of page


For extensive links to the early history of European imperialism in Latin America go to the casahistoria Catholic Missions in Latin America site.
 
 
The 19th Century theoretical basis
  • John Hobson on Imperialism, 1902 Here you can find an excerpt from the writings of John Hobson, a famous British economist, who argued that low wages for 19th century European workers guaranteed domestic under consumption of goods and justified imperial conquest in order to guarantee markets.
  • Theories of Imperialism Nice capsule summaries of conservative, liberal, Marxist, and social-psychological theories of imperialism. 
  • The White Man's Burden by Rudyard Kipling, McClure's Magazine, Feb. 1899
  • Socialism and Colonial Policy  Critique of imperialism written 1907 by the Socialist Karl Kautsky. Divided up into easy to select chapters...
  • Imperialism Lecture: Overview of what Imperialism is Anti imperialist article by Michael Parenti
  • European Imperialism Lecture which gives a brief, but valuable overview. By Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.
  • This is a pdf file The New Imperialism, decolonisation and neo-colonialism A casahistoria netguide in lecture note format. PDF file  and requires adobe reader.  For more casahistoria netguide revision go to IB/Alevel/K12 revision in the young casahistoria section.
  • Boondocks: Anti-Imperialism pages (Unfortunately the excellent Boondocks site is currently unavailable for copyright reasons. I have left this, and other Boondocks links for the moment in case they reappear...) It is always a good idea to take on competing ideas and theories. The Boondocks site is about as anti - Empire a site as you can find. The material though is thoughtful and well presented, but it is concerned almost entirely with American Imperialism. However, there are some useful pieces on Rudyard Kipling and his call to Americans to take up the White Man's Burden.
Documents:

     


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2. The European Experience - Great Britain      go to top of page


The British lion goes to war (Fancy meeting you here! From The Boer War Campaign Cartoons, 1901, by Taylor) 
Go to casahistoria site on British imperialism
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

3.  The European experience - Continental Europe     go to top of page


Click Decolonisation for casahistoria End of Empire links
 
 

Belgium

  • European travelling in the Belgian CongoLeopold II a brief bio. and another from Wikipaedia §
  • King Leopold's Ghost A  review of  Adam Hochschild's book on the Belgian atrocities in the Congo. The book is essential reading - a story of greed, terror and heroism in colonial Africa. Depressingly, the final two chapters make it clear how the same pattern of exploitation and cruelty was common across colonial Africa.
  • Adam Hochschild -- King Leopold's Ghost a review, but contains a good narrative account of the books main story.
  • Leopold & ED Morel Surprisingly(?) balanced account of the conflict over Leopold's Congo and the rubber exploitation from BouncingBalls, a rubber industry site
  • The Congo Atrocities: The Casement Report extracts from the 1904 report of the British Consul, Roger Casement, on the Administration of the Congo Free State. Casement, executed later in World War 1 for treason as an Irish nationalist was instrumental in bringing the cruelty of the Congo to world notice.
  • History of the Congo Created by literature majors at the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, this is the history background to their hypertext annotation of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness
  • The reform movement in the United States By Jim Zwick. Highlights the role of William Morrison, Mark Twain & Booker T. Washington's (but not the crucial role of William H Sheppard). From Boondocks, but spoilt by so many pop-ups.. 
  • The Kodak vs. the King  By Jim Zwick. Boondocks - good illustrated item on the influence of photographic evidence in the Congo reform movement. Likewise Cartoonists vs. the King: Cartoons on the Congo
Denmark

Emigration

Emigration from Europe For extensive links to the history of emigration from Europe during this period go to the casahistoria subsite. Also includes specific sites on immigration to:

 
USA
Argentina
Australia
 

The Dutch (Netherlands)

 
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
The French and British in Java 1806 - 1815
Dutch rule from 1815 to 1920
The Cultivation System
Dutch Territorial Expansion
The Ethical Policy
 

France

  • Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue — plain and hachured) French colonial empires.The French in West Africa: Early Contact to Independence Stephen Wooten Department of Anthropology University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign
  • French colonisation- Algeria (1830-1962) Basic outline from Arab.net
  • France Voyages en Afrique Useful site in French but even if you have no French to access the well set out and linked 900 documents it is still very useful for its collection of images and maps illustrating French African exploration and colonial history.
Indochina go to the casahistoria site
 

Germany

  • Imperialism: A German Viewpoint The following extract from Friedrich Fabri's book Does Germany Need Colonies, published in 1879, makes the German argument for colonial expansion, one similar to those made by English and French writers of the period.
  • Archive of the German Colonial Society. Includes Images, maps and an A-Z of German colonialism - but in German, naturally...
  • German Colonial Architecture in Togo from UNESCO. Something different .....  §
  • Winterton Collection: Photos of European East Africa Northwestern University Library of more than 7,600 photos chronicling the European colonization of East Africa between 1860 and 1960. Taken by European explorers, colonial officials, settlers, missionaries, military officials, travellers, and early commercial photographers, the photos document the changing relationships among Africans and between Africans and Europeans during a period of dramatic change. Excellent resource assembled by the British collector Humphrey Winterton.
  • A Colonial Architecture Adapted to Cameroon's Climate and the same again ... Both are good ways to look at European adaptation to the colonies.  §
       Herero 
  • The Herero Rebellion (1904) Documents concerning the brutal retaliation of the German commander in the field, General von Trotha, to the Herero tribal rising in modern Namibia. This produced what has been described as the first genocide of the twentieth century.........
  • Remembering the Herero Rebellion", useful, illustrated article from Deutsche Welle on the 100th anniversary of the Herero Rebellion
  • Imperialism and Genocide in Namibia  left wing view taking the argument that the Herero massacre was indicative of later German racial policies. By Tom Sanders, Socialist Action.
  • Namibia 1904, Detailed essay from the Peace Pledge Union.
  • The Herero Holocaust? The Disputed History Of The 1904 Genocide Written from Winhoek, this argues against a recent German paper by Klaus Lorenz at the University of Hamburg which denies a massacre.... By Jeremy Silvester, Werner Hillebrecht & Casper Erichsen.
  • This is a pdf fileAtrocities committed on the Herero people during the suppression of their uprising in German South West Africa 1904-1907? An analysis of the latest accusations against Germany and an investigation on the credibility and justification of the demands for «reparation». Speech by Dr. Claus Nordbruch
Portugal & Spain
(early American Empires)  
Catholic Missions in Latin America For extensive links to the early history of European imperialism in Latin America go to this casahistoria site. 
 
 
 

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4. The European experience in Africa   go to top of page   


Click Decolonisation for casahistoria End of Empire links

See also the individual countries in the sections 2 and 3. In addition the following general sites are of interest:

 

White Explorers
The European Scramble
Religious Conversion
Royal Resistance
Tax Wars
Railways
Timeline
Useful Links
Black Explorers
The African Scramble
Religious Resistance
Political Resistance
Trade Wars
Eqypt & Sudan
Forces For Change
Remarkable Facts
Further Reading
  • Europeans in Africa: European Imperialism 15th - early 19th centuries Set out in the form of a detailed timeline with links to articles. By Central Oregon Community College
  • Colonial Africa Lecture which gives a brief, but valuable overview of origins & impact. By Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.
  • Europe Meets to Divide Africa In 1884-85 European Powers met at Berlin to decide how they would divide up Africa between themselves. About.com introductory article
  • French Colonialism This speech by Jules Ferry, who was prime minister of France twice during the 1880s, conveys the attitude of Europeans to colonisation in Africa.
  • Colonialism of Africa Lecture notes: bare minimum details or a quick background... Produced by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. (Slow to load!)  §
  • African History Online - Colonial Period Large number of relevant links to African imperialism south of the Sahara. Very thorough and excellent descriptions to help you to find what you want.
  • Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa During the colonial period, Africans told each other terrifying rumours that Africans who worked for white colonists captured unwary residents and took their blood........ By Luise White (Univ of California, 2000)
  • Congo Expedition May 1909 - November 1915 American Museum of Natural History exhibit on the US expedition. Very well produced. Lavish visual. oral and documentary examples as well as maps, and images. Gives a good flavour of the Congo habitat at the time
  • Colonising Egypt Timothy Mitchell examines the peculiarity of Western conceptions of order and truth through a re-reading of Europe's colonial encounter with nineteenth-century Egypt. (University of California ,1991)
  • The Story of the Suez Canal, from All the Year Round, January 8, 1876 - Islamic History Sourcebook
  • Images of Colonial Africa (Kenya) This collection of photographs taken by Laura Collins, a missionary in Kenya shows the colony during the early 1900s. Wheaton College.

Slavery

Slavery For extensive links to the European involvement in the Slave Trade from Africa go to the young casahistoria Slavery site.
  • Colonisation of Liberia Colonisation with a difference: The American Colonization Society was founded in 1817 with the aim of returning African-Americans to Africa. In 1822 it established a colony in West Africa, which became Liberia in 1847. By 1867 more than 13,000 African-Americans had moved there. A Library of Congress Resource Guide for the Study of Black History & Culture.

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5. Gunboat Diplomacy         go to top of page


Click Decolonisation for casahistoria End of Empire links

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6. US Imperialism         go to top of page


Click Decolonisation for casahistoria End of Empire links

  • The Age of Imperialism History and analysis of American expansion in the Pacific. Covers the Spanish American War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Panama Canal, and U.S. intervention in Latin America. Includes many photographs and maps, as well as a bibliography and links to supplemental resources. From the Small Planet Learning Resource Pages for US High Schools. They are of a good quality for background
  • History of the United States Navy by Michael A. Palmer. Used by permission of Charles Scribner's Sons, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan from Encyclopedia of the American Military, John E. Jessup, Editor in Chief. Vol. I, pp. 365-380. Copyright c 1994
  • Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798 - 1993 This Library of Congress report lists 234 instances in which the United States has used its armed forces abroad in situations of conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It brings up to date a 1989 list that was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough sketch survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad:
  The Continental Period, 1775-1890
The Oceanic Period, 1890-1945
The Transoceanic Period, 1945-1992
United States Navy Personnel Strength, 1794-1990
Bibliography
  • The March of the Flag, September 16, 1898 Albert Beveridge was US Senator from Indiana (1899-1911), and, as is evident here, a fervent supporter of American imperialism. He gave this speech as a campaign speech on September 16, 1898.
  • The Great White Fleet A well presented site giving an account of the 1908 cruise around the world completed by the US Great White Fleet, changing the way other nations viewed the United States. The account is very well supported by a collection of postcards, photographs, and memorabilia of William Stewart.
  • The United States and its Territories, searchable document archive (Univ of Michigan) comprises the full text of monographs and government documents published in the United States, Spain, and the Philippines between 1870 and 1925.
  • Wars and Conflicts of the U.S. Navy  Very thorough sites with useful, detailed links on the US navy activity. The Battle Streamers contain a brief history of the Navy's role in the war, conflict or operation. Very good linking to relevant documents. Key chapters:

 

Mexican War, 1846-1848
Spanish American War, 1898

Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902
China Relief- Boxer Rebellion 1900-1901
Latin American Campaigns, 1906-1933
Yangtze Service, 1926-27, 1930-32
China Service, 1937-39, 1945-57
Vietnam Service, 1962-1975

 

US & Latin America

US & Latin America: go to the casahistoria site

Spanish-American war: go to the casahistoria site

Cuba: go to the casahistoria site

Panama Canal: go to the casahistoria site

US & South East Asia

Indo China go to the casahistoria site

China go to the casahistoria site

Vietnam War go to the casahistoria site

 

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7. Japan, China & Indochina         go to top of page


Click Decolonisation for casahistoria End of Empire links

The western impact on Japan:

  • This map by Dutch born Abraham Ortelius, dated 1589, was the first printed map specifically devoted to showing the Pacific Ocean.Two articles by Derek Massarella, Professor of History, Faculty of Economics, Chuo University, Tokyo:
    • This is a pdf fileRevisiting Japan’s ‘Christian Century’ Academic article looking at the christian missionary impulse and the treatment as well as response of missionaries in (16th/17th century) Japan, seeing it as a development of theories expounded originally with relation to the missions of the Americas. Interesting initial section on the 16th century philosophical justification for missionary imperialism that centred on the question of whether the native (Americans) were or were not, natural slaves. If so, then the Spanish had the right, and the obligation, to conquer and convert them by force ...
    • This is a pdf fileWhat was Happening in East Asia Around 1600?   Examines the state of East Asia in the early 17th century. By examining the nature (and degree) of pre-industrial globalisation, the essay shows that a hidden player in the process of early modern international trade was that current engine of the world economy – China. Europe developed a triangle of trade between the south American colonies, Japan and China to trade South American silver for silk which then served as the basis (and financing) for Europe’s growing trade with the East.
  • Red-Haired Barbarians 40 Rare Japanese prints depicting the Dutch and other foreigners in Nagasaki and Yokohama, 1800-1865. From the Dutch International Institute of Social History.
  • Perry's Black ship shown as a fire devil in a Japanese cartoonVisual Narratives: Black Ships & Samurai Lush visual site, using much primary source material. Main problem: scroll sideways..... From Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Perry and US in the Pacific
  • Footholds in the Pacific
  • Brief history of the samurai (K12 account including definitions of daimyo, shogun, etc.)  
  • Matthew Perry’s Account of ‘When We Landed in Japan’ Generally glowing and pro-US depiction of US Commodore Perry’s arrival in Japan in 1854.
  • Japanese Imperialism  Study background notes (Univ of California, Santa Cruz course) make a useful basic structure to understand Japanese imperialism. Clear contrasts made with the western imperialists.  §
  • Making of Modern Japan Lecture which gives a brief, but valuable overview of emergence and expansion of Japan, 1854-1945. By Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.
  • Internet East Asian History Sourcebook Major compilation of textual and visual original sources from the history of East Asia. The clearly organized outline gathers material dating from prehistoric times through post-WWII society, focusing on China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, treating general culture, religion (with Buddhism especially well covered), political and dynastic history, technology, literature, education, imperialism, communism, and gender. Includes secondary sources, links to other topical sites and major indexes, and numerous texts, images, and maps.

Early Japanese imperialism

  • Throwing off Asia  Excellent site from MIT showing key events of the Sino-Japanese war & Russo-Japanese war through Japanese woodblocks.
  • Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895. Outline descriptions, maps and ship silhouettes from ironcladpirate:
  Battle of Asan, 1894

Battle of Yalu, 1894

  • The Russo-Japanese War very slick and well produced site by the Russo - Japanese War Society. Extremely thorough on all aspects of the war. Good use of documentary materials. Some pages need Adobe reader as they are pdf based. a gem of a site!
  • Russo - Japanese War battle descriptions, maps and ship silhouettes from ironcladpirate:
  Battle of Chemulpo, 1904
Battle of Ulsan, 1904
Ship duels: Novik vs. Tsushima, Chitose
Ship duels: Svietlana vs. Niitaka, Otowa

China:

China & the West go to the casahistoria site

Indochina:

 Indochina go to the casahistoria site

 

 

8. Decolonisation           go to top of page


 

Decolonisation & End of Empire Click here to go to the greatly expanded casahistoria website

 

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and finally: fed up looking at this screen? Try a book instead!           go to top of page

Use casahistoria's list of recommended reads to curl up with ...

 

These have all been read and are recommended by casahistoria




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  v07.09

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